Implementation of goroutines
I have been reading up on concurrency in Go. In particular, I have been wondering about the statement from a presentation by Brad Fitzpatrick:
n, err := io.Copy(dst, src)
- copies n bytes from dst to src
- synchronous (blocks)
- Go runtime deals with making blocking efficient
Now in Go, if you make a call that blocks the current execution, you are (usually) only blocking the current goroutine, not a thread. The Go runtime multiplexes goroutines on fewer OS threads.
The question therefore is: What are the fundamental differences in the implementation of goroutines compared to OS threads that make goroutines so much more lightweight?
I have asked this question on the Go mailing list and the members of the Go team (notably Dmitry Vyukov and Ian Lance Taylor) have been incredibly helpful.
The summary is:
- stack that grows and shrinks on demand
- smaller context, easier to switch
- cooperative scheduling at known points is less work (can make assumptions about CPU state)
- scheduling in user space
Here is the discussion: enjoy!
Note: There are other languages (such as Haskell and Erlang) that also have the concept of lightweight "processes" that allow for blocking calls without blocking OS threads. The concept is sometimes referred to as green threads.
Posted by Martin Konicek
on 11:21 AM
94 comments:
Thanks for the nice post about go's novel approach to concurrency. It is awesome that go seem to have implemented this very efficiently and it is automatically used on the most frequent blocking situations: socket operations and locking (eg. using in-memory message queues)
It's worth mentioning that this concept is also known as fibers or lightweight threads. Some related links:
await implementation for Java:
https://github.com/electronicarts/ea-async
Fiber implementation for the JVM
http://docs.paralleluniverse.co/quasar/
Fiber implementation for Java
http://www.malhar.net/sriram/kilim/
Those are very good links, thank you Pedro! Ah yes, I remember hearing the name fibers too. I've been recently using the Hack language at fb which has the async / await feature similar to C#. My guess is the Hack runtime / libraries do something similar to Go under the hood, you can e.g. spawn a 1000 async operations and await all of them.
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This blog post provides an excellent and clear explanation of why goroutines in Go are so much more lightweight compared to traditional OS threads. The breakdown of key factors such as the dynamically growing stack, smaller context switching, and cooperative scheduling really helps in understanding the fundamental differences. The insights from Dmitry Vyukov and Ian Lance Taylor on how Go’s runtime handles concurrency make it easier to appreciate how efficient goroutines are. I especially appreciate the comparison to other languages and the mention of green threads in Haskell and Erlang. This is a must-read for anyone diving into concurrency in Go – great job on simplifying complex concepts!
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Goroutines in Go offers a highly efficient way to handle concurrency, allowing lightweight, independent functions to run simultaneously without the overhead of traditional threads. Implementing goroutines enables a system to manage multiple tasks concurrently with minimal resource usage, thanks to Go’s optimized runtime. With goroutines, developers can create scalable applications that can handle many operations at once, whether handling bound tasks or CPU-intensive work. This approach simplifies parallelism, making Go ideal for high-performance networked and distributed applications.
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